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Logical Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
The majority of todays office-based jobs require thoughtful, logical decisions, as well as the ability to rationalize them.
Fallacy of the undistributed middle
Fallacy of the undistributed middle
The fallacy of the undistributed middle occurs when the statement that links the two premises is never distributed. This can introduce errors at the early stages of the decision-making process.
Non-independent events
Non-independent events
Recognizing when two events are independent is often important when making a decision.
Attribute substitution
Attribute substitution
When we try to answer a difficult question, we often actually answer a related but different question, without realizing that a substitution has taken place and this can lead to wrong decisions.
Double counting
Double counting
Double counting is a fallacy in which we count events two or more times, resulting in an erroneous number of event, which is higher than the true result. Such mistakes are often very costly.
Gambler's fallacy
Gambler's fallacy
Also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy, the gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future, and can lead to wrong decisions.
Correlation and causation
Correlation and causation
Establishing a cause-and-effect relationship where one doesn't exist is a common cause for making wrong decisions.
Affirming a disjunct
Affirming a disjunct
The fallacy lies in concluding that one disjunct must be false because the other disjunct is true. It's important to recognize that both disjuncts might be true when making decisions.
Deductive logic
Deductive logic
Also known as deductive reasoning, this is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. It is a necessary part of any argument.
Fallacy of division
Fallacy of division
A fallacy of division occurs when one mistakenly concludes that something true for the whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.
Set theory
Set theory
Reasoning if something is or isn't part of a group, or of an intersection of two groups is a common task on everyday job.
Affirming the consequent
Affirming the consequent
Also known as the fallacy of the converse, this involves taking a true conditional statement and invalidly inferring its converse, even though the converse may not be true. Such errors are very common and can result in a failure to consider other causes.
Circular reasoning
Circular reasoning
A logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to conclude. Failing to notice such a fallacy can lead to making important decision based on arguments that are not necessarily true.
Fallacy of composition
Fallacy of composition
The error of assuming that what is true of a member of a group is true for the group as a whole.
Conjunction fallacy
Conjunction fallacy
Assuming that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one can easily lead to less than optimal decisions.
Illicit major
Illicit major
One should not assume that a converse statement is true, despite a related claim.
Masked-man fallacy
Masked-man fallacy
One can't assume that knowing an identity and not knowing another identity means that they cannot both be the same thing.
Existential fallacy
Existential fallacy
One should not assume that a group has members when it has not been stated.
Modal Fallacy
Modal Fallacy
Inferring that because something is true, it is necessarily true can lead to false assumptions.
Fallacy of exclusive premises
Fallacy of exclusive premises
A valid syllogism can't have two negative premises. For exclusive premises, both are negative and the syllogism is invalid. Not noticing this can lead to unwanted results.
Argument from fallacy
Argument from fallacy
Automatically accepting that the conclusion is wrong because one of the arguments is wrong means that we can be subject to manipulation.